What Are Terpenes And What Do They Do?

And why is it important to know before you get your Medical Marijuana!

Strains of marijuana are often varied due to distinctions in flavor and scent.  

The cannabis plant consists of a variety of chemicals and compounds. About 140 of these belong to a large class of aromatic organic hydrocarbons known as terpenes (pronounced tur-peens) also known as “terps.” Terpenes are a major component of the plant’s sticky resin and are produced by the same glands that produce both CBD and THC. Terpenes occur naturally in the essential oils of plants and these cyclic components contain the molecular formula C10H16. Cannabis terpenes are produced in the trichomes – specialized hairs that are mushroom-shaped and cover the flowers/leaves of the plant. Terpenes easily evaporate and become altered through the drying process – which results in each strains’ distinctive aroma. 

Cannabis Terpenes are not only the cause of the plant’s fragrance and color, but they also work with cannabinoids to elicit specific types of effects to be used in treatment. Terpenes bind to brain receptors and neurotransmitters within the Endocannabinoid System –  responsible for many physiological processes. This elicits certain responses depending on strain type. Terpenes can act as serotonin uptake inhibitors and enhance norepinephrine activity while also increasing  dopamine activity (like antidepressants) depending on the specific compound and strain.

Scientists believe terpenes initially evolved in plants as a deterrent to pests and animals.Today, Medical Marijuana patients rely on certain terpene profiles to help identify what strains may work for their respective needs and conditions.

If a patient isn’t choosing their Medical Marijuana by the Terpenes they include, they might not be getting the optimum effect to treat their condition. Understanding cannabis terpenes is key to navigating Medical Marijuana – just as important as cannabinoids.  Ask your MMJ doctor about the terpenes you need!

There are more than 100 terpenes in just one cannabis flower. Below are some of the more well known cannabis terpenes.

Myrcene
Myrcene is the most abundant of terpenes. The aroma of Myrcene is earthy and musky – similar to cloves. Strains that contain 0.5% are usually indicas with sedative effects. A 2002 study suggests its sedative properties can help treat insomnia. It’s also been useful in reducing inflammation and treating chronic pain. Popular strains for Myrcene terpenes are Skunk XL, White Widow, and Special Kush. Myrcene also occurs naturally in cloves, lemongrass, thyme, and hops.

Limonene
Limonene is the second most abundant terpene. It delivers an energizing citrusy scent similar to lemons. Limonene is known to improve mood and reduce stress. It also contains anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers also found it to have antifungal and antibacterial properties and one study found it may have a role in reducing tumor size. Strains containing limonene are O.G. Kush, Sour Diesel, Super Lemon Haze, Durban Poison, Jack Herer, and Jack the Ripper. Limonene occurs naturally in fruits such as lemons, limes, and oranges and it is also used in both cosmetics and cleaning products due to antibacterial properties.

Linalool
Linalool is most recognizable as the “typical” marijuana smell –  a mix of floral and spicy. It has very strong sedative and relaxing properties. It is used in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety and may have potential as an analgesic. Medical Marijuana patients who suffer from arthritis, seizures, and insomnia rely on its benefits. Linalool is also found in lavender, mint, cinnamon coriander, and birch. For hundreds of years, lavender has been used as an herbal remedy to treat sleep disorders. Well known linalool strains are Amnesia Haze, Special Kush, Lavender, LA Confidential, and OG Shark. Linalool is even used in insect repellents. 

Beta-Caryophyllene
This terpene compound manifests in spicy and peppery notes. β–Caryophyllene is the only terpene known to directly interact with CB2 receptors making it ideal for anti-inflammatory topicals and creams. In addition to these analgesic and anti-anxiety properties, it can be used for chronic pain management. A recent study also found that it may help with alcoholism rehabilitation and treating the symptoms of withdrawal. B-Caryophyllene is also found in black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and spices like oregano, basil and rosemary. Strains high in B-Caryophyllene are Super Silver Haze, Skywalker and Rock Star.

Humulene
Humulene (and its origin name Humulus lupulus) is the first terpene to be found in hops. Its aroma is spicy, earthy, and woodsy. Some research has shown it to be potentially efficacious in preventing cancer cells from growing. Some patients have also used it as an appetite-suppressant. Similar to other terpenes, there is evidence that it can reduce inflammation and relieve pain. It is present in ginseng, sage, cloves, basil  and black pepper. Popular strains with humulene are White Widow, Headband, Girl Scout Cookies, Sour Diesel, Pink Kush and Skywalker OG.

Alpha and Beta Pinene
Both of these terpenes have a fresh piney scent. Pinene terpenes have certain anti-inflammatory effects. Studies have shown that it helps patients with  gastrointestinal conditions, arthritis, and certain cancers. Additionally, it can help improve airflow and respiratory functions, acting as a bronchodilator in some cases. Plants rich in pinene include rosemary, orange peels, basil, parsley and sage. Strains that include Pinene are Jack Herer, Strawberry Cough, Blue Dream, Island Sweet Skunk, Dutch Treat and Romulan.

Alpha-bisabolol
Alpha-bisabolol found in chamomile and the candeia tree, naturally has a very floral aroma. It is used to treat bacterial infections, as a balm to wounds and, as it is also used in the cosmetics industry, it is a great antioxidant. It can be found in strains like Harle-Tsu, Pink Kush, Headband, OG Shark, and ACDC.

Eucalyptol
This terpene ‘s aroma is both minty and cool. Though it’s the primary terpene in eucalyptus trees, it’s rare. Eucalyptol is used in pain management and is also known to stem bacterial and fungal growth. Importantly, a recent study has shown that it may have promising effects on Alzheimer’s as well. Eucalyptol can be found in Super Silver Haze and Headband strains.

Trans-nerolidol
Though a secondary terpene, the intoxicating scent of trans-nerolidol is a pleasing combination of woodsy, floral (rose) and fruit (apples). It’s known for antiparasitic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Found naturally in jasmine, lemongrass, and tea tree oil, strains high in trans-nerolidol are Island Jack Herer, Sweet Skunk, and Skywalker OG are rich in nerolidol.

Delta 3 Carene
The Delta 3 Carene aroma is mostly sweet and is similar to that of the cypress tree. It benefits those who have osteoporosis, arthritis and even fibromyalgia. It can also be used while healing from broken bones. Like trans-nerolidol, this terpene stimulates memory. It occurs naturally in rosemary, basil, bell peppers, cedar and pine. Strains such as  AK-47, Arjan’s Ultra Haze, Jack Herer, OG Kush and Super Lemon Haze contain Delta 3 Carene.

Camphene
Camphene is known for an earthy, woodsy-like aroma reminiscent of fir needles. Though used in conventional medicine for skin issues like eczema and psoriasis, 

a 2011 study found that camphene may benefit heart health. It can lead to a decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also can be used to reduce both pain and inflammation. When mixed with vitamin C, it is used as a powerful antioxidant. Camphene is found in camphor oil, as well as citronella, sage and ginger oil, and valerian root. Camphene terpenes are found in strains such as Ghost OG, Strawberry Banana, Mendocino Purps.

Borneol
Borneol has a minty somewhat herbal scent. Though it’s widely used in acupuncture, a recent study suggests that it has a role in killing breast cancer cells. Borneol can be found in rosemary, mint and camphor. Strains high in borneol are Amnesia Haze, Golden Haze, K13 Haze.

Terpineol
Terpineol has a floral scent that is similar to lilac. As such, it is used in ingredient perfumes and cosmetics. Its benefits are its ability to relax. It also is used as an antibiotic and contains some antioxidant properties. It can be found in Girl Scout Cookies, Jack Herer, and OG Kush strains.

Geraniol
This terpene scent is indicative of rose grass,and fruits such as peaches. Geraniol is used as a neuroprotectant and antioxidant. It’s found naturally in lemons and tobacco and is present in strains such as Amnesia Haze, Great White Shark, Afghani, Headband, Island Sweet Skunk, OG Shark and Master Kush.

Strain genetics and the method by which plants are cultivated affect terpenes. 

Dr. Fernando Fandiño-Sende and team, at Miami’s LifeCannMD, are able to help patients navigate the varying options that will result in the optimum treatment for its individual patients’ needs. 

Florida’s top-rated medical marijuana referral clinic has served over 5,000 satisfied patients.